xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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PATEL et al.

TABLE VII.12 (Continued)

Study design Study groups

Clinical end point

Topic

Study

Year LOE

Conclusions Anosmics had higher conversion rate to dementia than either hyposmics or

normosmics independent of baseline motor deficits and cognitive status differentiating between patients with PD and HCs In PD, age and cognition together explained 7.5% of the variance of the threshold score Age, cognition, and sex explained 15.2% of the variance of the discrimination score Cognition, age, ability of daily living, and sex together explained 11.1% of the variance of the ID score ID as good as TDI in

Zhouet al 849

2020 4

Case

500PD 115HCs

SS-TDI

control

AD = patients with Alzheimer disease; ADAS-Cog = Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive; ADAS-Jcog = Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive (Japanese version); ADD = patients with Alzheimer disease dementia; ALS = patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; aMCI = amnestic mild cognitive impairment; ApoE = apolipoprotein E; AROMA = Affordable, Rapid, Olfactory Measurement Array; BICAMS = The Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis; BNT = Boston Naming Test; BOMCT = Blessed Orientation Memory Concentration Test; B-SIT = Brief Smell Identification Test; CAMCOG = Cambridge Cognitive Examination; CBD = patients with corticobasal degeneration; CD = cognitive decline; CERAD = Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; CSIT = Chinese Smell Identification Test; DAT = dopamine transporter; DIP = patients with drug induced parkinsonism; DLB = patients with dementia with Lewy bodies; DRS = Dementia Rating Scale; DTI = diffusion tensor imaging; EDSS = Expanded Disability Status Scale; ET = patients with essential tremor; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; FDG = F-Fluorodeoxyglucose; FTD = patients with frontotemporal dementia; H2S = hydrogen sulfide; HAND = HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders; HC = healthy control; HRS = Hyposmia Rating Scale; ID = identification; LB = Lewy bodies; LBD = Lewy body disease; LOE = level of evidence; LRRK2 = leucine-rich repeat kinase 2; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; MD = major depression; MIBG = metaiodobenzylguanidine; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MPTP = 1-methyl 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; MS = patients with multiple sclerosis; MSA = patients with multiple system atrophy; naMCI = nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment; NPH = patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus; OB = olfactory bulb; OBV = olfactory bulb volume; OD = olfactory dysfunction; OERP = olfactory event-related potentials; OI = olfactory impairment; OM = odor memory; OPID = Odor Percept Identification; OSIT-J = Japanese Odor Stick Identification Test; PAF = patients with pure autonomic failure; PBT = __________________; PD = patients with Parkinson disease; PDD = Parkinson’s disease with dementia; PEA = phenylethyl alcohol; PET = positron emission tomography; PSP = patients with progressive supranuclear palsy; PST = Pocket Smell Test; RBD = patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder; SCD = patients with subjective cognitive decline; SCZ = patients with schizophrenia; SDOIT = San Diego Odor Identification Test; SMI = patients with subjective memory impairment; SOIT = Scandinavian Odor-Identification Test; SPECT = single-photon emission computerized tomography; SRT = Selective Reminding Test; SS = Sniffin’ Sticks; SS-D = Sniffin’ Sticks discrimination only; SS-I = Sniffin’ Sticks identification only; SS-T = Sniffin’ Sticks threshold only; SS-TDI = Sniffin’ Sticks threshold, discrimination, identification combination; T&T = Toyoda and Takagi; TDI = threshold, discrimination, identification; UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; UPSIT R = University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; VD = patients with vascular dementia; VP = vasular parkinsonism.

processing in ADHD reveals a generally small magnitude and homogeneous pattern of deficits among the domains of odor: (1) identification (moderate effect size), (2) detec tion threshold (negligible effect size), (3) discrimination (negligible effect size), (4) intensity (small effect size), and (5) hedonics (negligible effect size). Overall, the lit erature concerning OF in ADHD suggests that: (1) being male, (2) having lower intellectual skills, and (3) the use of psychotropic medication were related to greater olfactory impairment.

OD is prominent in many neurodevelopmental disor ders with neurotransmitter disruption. The following statements can be made about OD: Robust, homogenous deficits in OF are common in patients with schizophrenia and these deficits do not correlate with sex, medication status, or smoking. Aggregate grade of evidence : B (Level 1: three large quantitative meta-analytic studies that are consistent and one qualitative review).