xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON OLFACTION

TABLE VII.17 (Continued) Author Year

Design LOE Study groups

Olfactory indicator Smoking measure Conclusions

BAST-24

Smokers vs

Smokers scored lower on odor identification for someodors

Cardesín et al 1004

2006

Cross

4

120 healthy

nonsmokers

sectional

volunteers without subjective olfactory disturbances

(January 2001 to February 2003)

Glennon

2019

Cross

2

Adults aged ≥ 40 years; NHANES 2011–2014 (n = 7418) participants (mean age, 57.8 ± 12.2 years) Nearly half of the sample were former/current smokers (47.4%)

NHANES self-ratings based on a score of three questions (olfactory problems in the past years; worse ability since age 25; phantom smells)

Self-reported by chronicity

Estimated prevalence of 22.3% in altered olfaction was with age-related increases ≥ 10 pack-year smokers had significantly greater odds of altered olfaction vs never-smokers Greater odds among current smokers ( ≥ 10 pack-years) who also had high nicotine dependence (smoked within ≤ 30 minutes of waking) pack-year smokers) did not show increased odds vs never-smokers Current smokers who also were heavy drinkers ( ≥ 4drinks Light smokers ( ≤ 10 altered olfaction (odds ratio, 1.96; confidence interval, 1.20–3.19) pathologies (sinonasal problems, serious head injury, tonsillectomy, xerostomia) partially mediated the association between smoking and altered olfaction Logistic regression, ≥ 10 pack-years was not a significant predictor of self-reported smell alteration in adjusted logistic regression models Olfactory-related per day) had the highest odds for

et al 1005

sectional

(pack-years) and dependency (time to first cigarette on waking) and verified by serum cotinine

Smoking (never,

former, current)

Rawal

Smoking exposure

NHANES self-ratings based on a score of three questions (olfactory problems in the past years; worse ability since age 25; phantom smells)

2016

Cross

4

3603 adults, aged ≥ 40 years, who answered the Chemosensory Questionnaire (response rate 99.9%)

et al 121

was categorized as none (never smoked 100 cigarettes), < 10 pack years (packs of cigarettes smoked per day × years smoked), and ≥ 10 pack-years

sectional

(Continues)