xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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PATEL et al.

TABLE VII.17 (Continued) Author Year

Design LOE Study groups

Olfactory indicator Smoking measure Conclusions

Nasal congestion, smell disorders, and snoring were significantly higher in smokers; symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, nasal discharge, and headache were similar in the control group

Smokers ( ≥ 10

Self-reported “taste” disorders and smell disorders

Şanlı

2016

Case series 4

1840 randomly

et al 1015

cigarettes per day for ≥ 5 years, n = 514) smoking for ≥ 1 year after ≥ 5 years of smoking, n = 268) Never-smokers (n = 1058) Passive smokers excluded Exsmokers (no

selected patients (823 men, 1017 women), aged > 25 years, admitted to an ear, nose, and throat outpatient clinic over 1 month (March 2014)

All symptoms were found tobe

significantly lower in exsmokers

Pepino

2014

Case

4

14 obese smokers, 11 obese never-smokers, 10 normal-weight smokers, 12 normal-weight never-smokers

Retronsal

Number of years

Co-occurrence of

et al 1016

control

olfaction—nose plugged and then unplugged during sampling of vanilla pudding for sweetness, creaminess, and hedonic intensity ratings

smoking, number of cigarettes per day, age smoking started, and regular smoking

smoking and obesity is significantly associated with reduced perception and hedonic value of dessert-type sugar/fat mixtures

More decline of

creaminess than retronassal olfaction

Santos

Smell diskettes odor identification task

Current smokers

Odor identification score averaged lower in smokers vs nonsmokers related to muscle compensation during swallowing

2014

Case

4

24 smokers and 24 participants who hadnever consumed tobacco, matched for sex andage under outpatient pulmonary care 21 smokers (9 men, 12 women; mean age, 22.5 years) and59 nonsmoking controls (23 men, 26 women; Smokers were

et al 1017

control

Schriever et al 1018

2013

Case

4

PEA threshold

Smokers ≥ 3

Average threshold for

control

cigarettes per day for an average duration of smoking of 7.5 years quitters (had quit for 0–31 days) and long-term quitters (had quit for 91 + days, not analyzed further)

PEA did not differ by smoking status; odor ID trended to be lower in smokers. Smokers had significantly lower OBV than did nonsmokers. There was no significant correlation of duration of smoking with OBV. Uncertain if quitting

Former smokers were recent

mean age, 23.9 years) matched for sex and age

smoking reverses association OBV differences.

Abstinence or relapse were

having smoked (or not) in the previous 24 hours

(Continues)