xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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372

INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON OLFACTION

TABLE VII.6 (Continued) Study Year LOE

Study design

Study groups

Clinical end point Standard olfactory acuity test

Conclusions

Zusho 305

1982

4

Case series

Patients with head

4.2%(n = 212) of the 5000 head trauma patients had olfactory impairment Of these 212 patients, 72.6% had anosmia and

trauma (n = 5000)

27.4%had hyposmia

Olfactory

impairment was found in 44.8% of those with facial or skull fractures

and 11.3% of simple nasal fractures

Xydakis et al 311

2015

3

Cohort

Soldiers with acute

UPSIT R MRI

Abnormal olfaction predicted internal brain injury, with patients with normal or mild TBI scoring within the normosmia range Patients who had frontal lobe injury were 3 times more likely to have olfactory impairment than those with injuries in other regions 17% of American football players had olfactory impairment related to one or multiple TBIs with mild TBI had significantly worsened TDI scores compared with controls but still fell within the normal range Pediatric patients

TBI severe enough to be transferred stateside and evaluated directly off the battlefield with and without olfactory impairment

Querzola et al 314

TraQ (Trauma

2019

4

Case-control

American football

Questionnaire) includes subjective smell questions

players (n = 75) and HCs (n = 30)

Schriever et al 317

2014

4

Case-control

Pediatric patients

Modified SS-ID test

with mild head trauma (n = 114) andHCs (n = 56)

HC = healthy control; LOE = level of evidence; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; OF = olfactory function; PST = Pocket Smell Test; SS-ID = Sniffin’ Sticks iden tification only; SS-TDI = Sniffin’ Sticks threshold, discrimination, identification combination; TBI = traumatic brain injury; UPSIT R = University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test.