xRead - Olfactory Disorders (September 2023)

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405

PATEL et al.

TABLE VII.12 (Continued)

Study design Study groups

Clinical end point

Topic

Study

Year LOE

Conclusions

Serbyet al 560

AD < HCs on all tests Staging of AD suggests odor ID occurs earlier than threshold deficits, which occur in more advanced stages Odors induce less intense orofacial responses in AD, which are longer lasting 9 of 10 impaired; 2 anosmic; no controls AD-related deficits on all measures relative to controls Threshold: AD = sinusitis < normal elderly; normal elderly less aware of smell loss than sinusitis patients AD < HCs on all olfactory tests Both AD and SCZ patients had lower scores than HCs; same loss in AD and SCZ when cognition was matched 6 of AD, but no controls, anosmic to pyridine; the other AD patients had elevated thresholds Larger annual progression in MMSE scores for anosmic than hyposmic patients Lower UPSIT R scores in dementia and the other 3 syndromes of Guamanian neurodegenerative disease The decrement in Guamanian ALS contrasts with idiopathic ALS for which smell loss is reported to be minimal Both AD and PD exhibited deficits on ID and threshold tests; only AD exhibited poorer OM

1991 4

Case

55AD 57HCs

UPSIT R Geraniol

control

threshold

Perl et al 561

1992 4

Case

20AD 20HCs

Facial muscle reactions

control

Solomon 562

1994 4

Case

10AD

PST

control

Morgan et al 563

1995 4

Case

18AD 18HCs

UPSIT R SDOIT B-threshold B-threshold

control

Nordin et al 564

1995 4

Case

80AD 80normal elderly 80 sinusitis

control

Nordinand

1996 4

Case

16 questionable AD 16HCs

OM c Multiple

Murphy 565

control

cognitive tests

Lehrner et al 566

B-threshold 20-odor ID test Odor recognition test (15-minute interval)

1997 4

Case

22AD 21PD 19HCs

control

Moberg

1997 4

Case

20AD 16SCZ 20HC

UPSIT R

et al 567

control

Nordin et al 568

1997 4

Case

18AD 16HCs

Pyridine

control

threshold

MMSE

Ahlskog 569

1998 4

Case

11 pure

UPSIT R

control

dementia

31

parkinsonism dementia complex

9ALS 9pure

parkinsonism

53 Chamorro HCs 25North American HCs

(Continues)