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Wise et al.

Page 305

AR = allergic rhinitis; BC = black carbon; CO = carbon monoxide; DEP = diesel exhaust particles; LOE = level of evidence; NO 2 = nitrogen dioxide; NO x = nitrogen oxides; O 3 = ozone; PM 10 = particulate matter <10 μ m; PM 2.5 = particulate matter <2.5 μ m; SO 2 = sulfur dioxide.

High exposure to BC, SO 2 , and NO 2 were significantly associated with increased treatment of AR.

Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript 10 , NO x , SO 2 , BC, O 3 ):

Diagnosis of AR in children High exposures to NO 2 during gestation, the first year of life, second year, and throughout life correlated with the development of AR. Diagnosis of AR in children ages 6–7 and 13–14 years

Diagnosis of AR in children High levels of PM 2.5 correlate with an increased risk of AR.

Study Year LOE Study design Study groups Clinical endpoint Conclusion 1 High exposure; 2 Low exposure 10 , NO 2 , SO 2 ):

Only significantly increased association between PM 10 levels and rhinoconjunctivitis

and atopy in 13-year-olds to 14-year-olds in countries with more than 1 testing center.

Frequent passage of trucks was correlated with the occurrence of AR in both age groups.

Positive correlation between distance from main road and AR symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

Diagnosis of AR is significantly associated with the frequency of trucks passing by the residence.

AR treatment over the past 12 months in children

Lifetime AR, past-year AR symptoms, diagnosed AR, and treated AR in children

Diagnosis of AR in 13-year-old to 14-year-old children

Diagnosis of rhinoconjunctivitis at ages 6–7 and 13–14 years

10 , PM 2.5 , NO 2 , SO 2 ,

1 Exposure to PM 10 :

2 Living more than 75 m from main road 2 High exposure; 3 Low exposure Shirinde et al. 583 2015 4 Cross-sectional 1 Trucks passing near residence almost all day; 2 Trucks passing less frequently Anderson et al. 581

Singh et al. 584 2016 4 Cross-sectional Frequent passage of trucks near home: 1 Almost all day; 2 Less frequent CO, O 3 ): 1 High exposure;

2 Low exposure

Jung et al. 582 2015 4 Cross-sectional 1 Living less than 75 m from main road; study

1 High exposure;

2 Low exposure

Kim et al. 589 2016 4 Cross-sectional Exposure to 5 air pollutants (PM

Liu et al. 586 2016 4 Cross-sectional Exposure to 3 air pollutants (PM

Wang et al. 585 2016 4 Cross-sectional Exposure to 6 air pollutants (PM

2010 4 Cross-sectional

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 June 10.