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Wise et al.

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Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript TABLE VI.E. Active vs passive

exposure Study groups Clinical endpoint Conclusion

Diagnosis of AR No association between active smoking and maternal pre-natal

passive smoking and AR. Significant association between all other passive smoking and AR.

Environmental tobacco exposure has no effect on the development of AR by age 3 years.

There was no association between maternal smoking and the

development of AR regardless of the allergic status of the parents.

was associated with a decreased risk of SAR.

No association between smoking and seasonal AR. Significant association between chronic rhinitis and current smoking.

No significant association between maternal smoking and physician diagnosed AR.

Diagnosis of AR Most studies did not show a relationship between passive smoke exposure and AR.

Diagnosis of AR by age 3 years

Diagnosis of AR over the first 10 years of life

Self-reported SAR or PAR Smoking more than 15 cigarettes/day Chronic rhinitis, SAR, or perceived nasal hyperresponsiveness Physician diagnosed AR at age 6 years

Both 1 Active smoking;

2 Passive smoking;

3 No active or passive smoking

Passive 1 Environmental tobacco smoke exposure; 2 No exposure

Passive Maternal smoking vs no smoke exposure with: 1 2 Allergic parents; 2 1 Allergic parent; 3 Non-allergic parents Active 1 Current smoking;

2 No current smoking

Active 1 Lifetime nonsmokers;

2 Ex-smokers(>1 month); 3 Current smokers

Passive 1 Maternal smoking;

2 No smoking in the first year

Passive 1 Exposure to passive smoking; 2 No exposure to passive smoking

smoke

sectional, and case control studies

study

study

study

study

study

case-control studies

Evidence for the effect of active and passive tobacco smoke exposure on the development of allergic rhinitis Study Year LOE Study design Saulyte et al. 593 2014 2a SR of cohort, cross Codispoti et al. 599 2010 2b Prospective cohort Keil et al. 596 2009 2b Prospective cohort Bendtsen et al. 598 2008 2b Prospective cohort Annesi Maesano et al. 600 1997 2b Prospective cohort Wright et al. 597 1994 2b Prospective cohort Hur et al. 594 2014 3a SR of predominantly

AR = allergic rhinitis; LOE = level of evidence; PAR = perennial allergic rhinitis; SAR = seasonal allergic rhinitis; SR = systematic review.

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 June 10.