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Wise et al.

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Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript TABLE VI.F.

Evidence for the association between allergic rhinitis and socioeconomic factors Study Year LOE Study design Study groups Clinical endpoint Conclusion Grabenhenrich et al. 613 2015 2b Prospective cohort Parental SES: 1 Rich; 2 Average; 3 Poor Diagnosis of AR by age 20 years No association between SES and diagnosis of AR. Almqvist et al. 611 2005 2b Prospective cohort Parental SES: 1 Blue-collar workers; 2 Low/intermediate white collar; 3 One high level white collar; 4. Two high level white collar Diagnosis of AR at 4 years old Parents of higher SES had children with a lower risk of AR, asthma, and food allergens. Bergmann et al. 610 2000 2b Prospective cohort Parental SES: 1 High; 2 Middle; 3 Low Diagnosis of AR parents and in children 3–6 years old Parental high SES correlated to high AR rates in parents; however, SES had no correlation with AR in children 3–6 years old. Lewis & Britton 608 1998 2b Prospective cohort Level of “social advantage”: 1 Most disadvantaged; 2 Disadvantaged; 3 Average;

Social advantage was significantly related to the diagnosis of AR with the “most advantaged” having the highest prevalence of AR.

Significant association between higher SES and symptom-based AR; but no association between SES and allergy test–based AR.

1 Symptom-based AR;

2 Allergy test–based AR

Diagnosis of hay fever at ages 5, 10, and 16 years

4 Advantaged;

5 Most advantaged

1 Greater than average income; 2 Less than average income

SES:

survey

Ahn et al. 478 2016 4 Cross-sectional

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 June 10.